The Positive Relationship Between Profitability And Leverage Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 952 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? The prediction of information asymmetry hypothesis by Myers and Majluf (1984) is approved by the negative sign whereas the predictions of bankruptcy theory and free-cash flow hypothesis by Jensen (1984) are not substantiated. It is thus proved that pecking order theory dominates trade-off theory. Frydenberg(2001b) describes retained earnings as the most important source of financing. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Positive Relationship Between Profitability And Leverage Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Good profitability thus reduces the need for external debt. So result is conformity with our findings. Hence, the trade-off theory suggests a positive relationship between profitability and leverage because high profitability promotes the use of debt and provides an incentive to firms toavail the benefit of tax shields on interest payments. The pecking order theory postulatesthat firms prefer to use internally generated funds when available and choose debt overequity when external financing is required. Thus, this theory suggests a negativerelationship between profitability (a source of internal funds) and leverage. Severalempirical studies have also reported a negative relationship between profitability andleverage (Toy et al., 1974; Titman and Wessels, 1988; Rajan and Zingales, 1995; Wald,1999; Booth et al., 2001; Chen, 2004; Bauer, 2004; Tong and Green, 2005; Huang and Song,2006; Zou and Xiao, 2006; Viviani, 2008; Jong et al., 2008; Serrasqueiro and RogaÃÆ'†¹Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"o , 2009). Debt to Equity Ratio: According to our results beta coefficient is -0.326, whereas the value t-statistics is -2.257. Level of significance is 0.033. Debt to Equity Ratio is negatively correlated to leverage at -0.068. Our result shows that money lenders have been risk averse and they try to insure their profitability along with principle amount. If company debt ratio continuously shows increasing trend, this will give bad impression to money lenders so they will not be willing to invest. In this case companies always prefer to use their internal funds or retained. Harry Markowitz(1952) Current Ratio:Current ratio variable is positively correlated at coefficient of 0.362. Value of t-statistics is 2.622 this shows a highly significant result at 0.015. Our correlation table suggests that there is a highly significant positive correlation between current ratio and leverage. The value of Pearson correlation is 0.482**. This would encourage the investor to invest in companies with high current ratio becaus e in this case companies Current Assets shows increasing trend. In case of company default these assets will ensure investors repayment of principle amount. So companies can easily get leverage. Conclusion Using 5 variants of panel data analysis, we attempt to find the determinants of capital structure of KSE listed none-financial firms for the period 2005-2010. The effect of 5 explanatory variables is measured on leverage ratio which is calculated by dividing the total debt by total assets. Tangibility is significantly negatively related to debt. In Pakistan, where court process is slow and accounting profits do not reflect a true picture of firm performance, creditors prefer the security of specific claim on fixed assets. The prediction of trade-off theory is confirmed by our result. Size, measured by natural log of sale, has a negatively coefficient but is insignificant. It means that firms in the sample do not consider their sizes as an active variable in deciding the leverage level. Size gives a comparative advantage of lower asymmetric information when a large firm makes an IPO. Referencess Altman, E. 1984.A further empirical investigation of the bankruptcy cost question, Journal of Finance, Vol. 39, pp.1067-1089. Amihud, Y. and B. Lev. 1981. Risk reduction as a managerial motive for conglomerate mergers, Bell Journal of Economics, Vol.12 pp. 605-616 Banerjee, S., A. Heshmati, and C. Wihlborg. 2000. The dynamics of capital structure, SSE/EFI Working Paper Series in Economics and Finance 333, pp.1-20. Baker, G.P., M. C. Jensen and K.J. Murphy. 1988. Compensation and incentives: Practice vs. theory Journal of Finance, Vol. 43, pp. 593-615 Baltagi 2001, Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, 2nd Edition John Wiley Sons. Barclay, M.J., Smith C.W. and Watts, R.L. 1995.The determinants of corporate leverage and dividend policies, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Vol. 7 pp. 4-19. Baxter, N. 1967.Leverage, risk of ruin and the cost of capital, The Journal of Finance, Vol.22.pp- 395-403 Booth, L., V. Aivazian, A. Demirguc-Kunt, and V. Maksmivoc, 2001 , Capital structures in developing countries, Journal of Finance Vol. 56, 87-130 Bradley, Jarrell and Kim. 1984. on the existence of an optimal capital structure: theory and evidence, Journal of Finance, Vol. 39, pp. 857-878 Cheung, C.S, and ItzhakKrinsky. 1994 Information asymmetry and the underpricing of initial public offerings: further empirical evidence, Journal of Business Finance Accounting, Vol. 21 pp- 739-747 DeAngelo, H. and R. W. Mausulis. 1980. Optimal capital structure under corporate and personal taxation, Journal of Financial Economics, pp- 3-29 Allen, D.E. and Mizuno, H. (1989), The Determinants of Corporate Capital Structure: Japanese Evidence, Applied Economics, Vol. 21, pp. 569- 585. Anderson, C.W., Makhija, A.K. (1999), Deregulation, disintermediation and agency cost of debt: evidence from Japan, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 51, No.2, pp.309-40. Anderson, R., Mansi, S. and Reebc, D., (2003), Founding Family Ownership and the Agency Cost of Debt, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 68, 263-285. Baer, H. L., Caprio, G., Demirguc-Kunt, A. and D. Vittas, (1994), Term Finance: Theory and Evidence, World Bank mimeo. Balance Sheet Analysis of Joint Stock Companies Listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange, various Volumes (1988-2005), Statistics and DWH Department, State Bank of Bank of Pakistan. Banerjee A, Dolado J, Galbraith JW, Hendry DF. (1993), Cointegration, Error Correction, and the Econometric Analysis of Non-Stationary Data, Oxford University Press: Oxford. Bannerjee, A., J. Dolado and R. Mestre, (1998), Error-Correction Mechanism Tests for Cointegration in Single Equation Framework, Journal of Time Series Analysis, Vol. 19, 267-283. Barclay, M. J. and Clifford, W. Smith, (1995), The Maturity Structure of Corporate Debt, Journal of Finance, Vol. 50, pp.609-631. Bauer, P. (2004), Capital Structure of Listed Companies in Visegrad Countries, Prague Economi c Papers, No. 13. Bevan, A. A. and Danbolt, J., (2000), Capital Structure and its Determinants in the United Kingdom: A Decompositional Analysis, Department of Accounting and Finance, University of Glasgow, Working Paper No. 2000/2.

The Investigation On The Hassan s Family Who Has A Child...

Introduction This report is based on the investigation on the Hassan’s family who has a child who is not feeding, has a slow growth rate and is not thriving very well. The Mother and Father were sent to a parental clinic to undergo genetic testing, before the birth of the child due the mother receiving regular transfusions. They were also tested for FBE and Hb Electrophoresis after few months for transfusion and part of postnatal testing. The child also had a Hb electrophoresis performed. The reason the Mother was sent to have these tests was due her having regular transfusion which indicates the mother might be anemic. Anemia can be defined as a decrease in Red Blood Cell (RBC) count or decrease in hemoglobin. RBC have an important†¦show more content†¦There are different types of anemia with some being hereditary. In these cases infants may be affected from time of birth. If a parent is heterozygous for a hereditary disease they would be carrying the disease without knowing they have it. This is why genetic screening is important and why both parent had it done, as it helps to identify if infants are at risk of inheriting them. Two types of hereditary anemia are Thalassemia and sickle cell anemia. The Full Blood Examination (FBE) was performed to check the hemoglobin content, RBC number and morphology, White blood cell (WBC) number and morphology, Platelet count, Mean Cell Volume (MCV) and Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCV). The information received from this test can be used to determine an estimated idea of what could be wrong with the patient. Hemoglobin Electrophoresis was performed to support and give a more defined result of what the problem was. Hemoglobin Electrophoresis measures the different types of hemoglobin’s in the blood. This occurs by an electrical current being passed through the hemoglobin in a blood sample causing different types of hemoglobin to separate and form bands. The different bands include Hgb (hemoglobin) A1, Hgb A2, Hgb F, Hgb S and Hgb C. The most common type of Hemoglobin found in health children and adults is Hgb A1 which makes up 95% - 98% of the total hemoglobin. Hgb F is found in

Analysis of the Effects of Product Cannibalism Free Essays

PRICING STRATEGY – CANNIBALISM AND NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT – R. A. KERIN M. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the Effects of Product Cannibalism or any similar topic only for you Order Now G. HARVEY J. T. ROTHE 1. My choice I have chosen to work on this topic for these reasons. For many years now, and mostly because of the economic crisis, a lot of « premium  » and mid-range brands have to compete against low-cost ones. In order to do this, some of these companies decided to launch low-cost brands to bring back lost customers. But I have already learned that this strategy can sometimes become a real threat for their premium brands: in fact, companies who do this can think that they bring new customers but unfortunately these customers are coming from their premium brand. Some real life examples are coming to me such as Coca-Cola Company who launched Coca-Cola light and Coca-Cola zero which was successful. How to avoid or reduce the brand cannibalization? What kind of strategy to develop? I hope that this article, even if it’s a very old one, can answer these questions. . The summary The article starts be giving a definition of the cannibalization effect: we consider 2 different products (A and B) belonging to the same company – cannibalization means that (all other things equal), decreasing the price of product A will bring the sales decreasing of product B. This undesirable effect is occurring when the company, instead of launching a new product, prefer to reformulate one which already exist s in an already created market. Authors are putting lights on two main consequences of cannibalistic strategy. The first one is positive, it allows to the company, through the new product, to open a new market, and thus gain market shares. The second seems to be negative, because customers of the first company’s product can switch to the second, and it will not bring any additional revenue to the company. But, as authors underline, sometimes it’s better for the company to see customers moving from the first product to the second one inside the same portfolio than reaching the competitor’s product. So, cannibalism strategy can be a good way for the company to kill competitors, but the risk is huge if the new product creates an artificial segmentation which implies artificial needs. The distortion effect of cannibalism is the second main part of the article. Basically, it means that in order to appreciate the profitability of the new product, you must take in account cannibalization of the first one. Authors are talking about  « Pyrrhic Victory  » when one’s overestimate the growth of the sales volume and market share due to the new product. Authors provide a solution to avoid this bas effect of cannibalism: the market test. For them it’s the best method to know what need(s) the new product will fulfill when it will be launched. This method can help managers to identify (the most early as possible) what amount of the new product should be produced in order to reduce the cannibalization. The question of the  « acceptable  » level of cannibalization is evoked: the two main drivers to compute it are according to the authors the cost structure and market maturity. 3. My opinion One of the main lessons I learned reading this article is that cannibalism can really be a positive thing for companies. Even if customers of the new product are indeed customers who switched from the previous one, they still not competitor’s customers. Far to be a threat, the cannibalism strategy can really be useful and great for companies, especially, as I said in my first part, in time of crisis. Then I think, the article could provide more examples of  « positive  »or  « negative  » cannibalization. The example of Coca-Cola provided at the beginning of this memo is revelatory of the « positive  » cannibalization. In fact, a lot of different soda beverages belong to the Coca-Cola company (such as for instance Fanta, Minute maid or Coca-Cola). In 1983, Coca-Cola company launched Coca-Cola light, which tastes different from the original Coca-Cola but sugar free ; and then, at the beginning of 2000†², Coca zero was launched which was supposed to have the same taste as Coca-Cola original, and still sugar free. Even if Coca- Cola light lost many customers who switched to Coca zero, they still  « inside  » the same company and not moved to competition. This kind of strategy was learned in our Brand management course that sometimes it consists in creating a similar product can extend the market share of both products. Named the Flanker strategy, the two products are belong not only to the same company but also to the same product category. This strategy has many advantages: it’s often almost free to market, as it’s very close to the first product and using the same brand, and it was noticed that it’s also a good way to promote both products and brands. How to cite Analysis of the Effects of Product Cannibalism, Essay examples

Public Versus Private Education in Primary †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Public Versus Private Education in Primary. Answer: Introduction Private schools are the independent schools that are not aided by the government and are funded totally by the students. There are some private schools, where a student might get access to education free of cost, but that mainly depend on the academic excellence of the individual students (Ruban 2012). In this paper a literature review has been provided exploring about different private schools across the world and why the Emirati families choose to send their children to private schools. According to Ball (2017) government schools do not provide special facilities to the students in terms of education. Government schools sometimes do not have proper laboratory facilities for the science students. Since, government has to fund the entire spending for the school; all the aspects related to the infrastructure and advanced facilities might not be addressed. Since government have to aid a large number of schools it becomes very difficult for them to reach the perfection. Furthermore, government schools provide education to different classes of people irrespective of the socio economic status of the students (Klugman 2012). Students coming from wealthier families might not find it suitable to mix up with the students coming from low socio economic background, which leads the parents to admit their children in the private schools. Each and every parent want that their children to get the best, including success, safety, healthcare and love. Most of these parameters are based on good education. As per the bureau of Labor statistics, graduation rate is inversely proportional to the murder and the assaults rate. Education can be perceived both from government funded institutions or private institutions. Nowadays the education is not cheap. According to the reports by Hvidman and Andersen (2013) public college education costs nearly $100, 00 for a student who are likely to attend public schools. In spite of the increasing amount of financial burden, people are daunting towards the private schools with the hope of getting advanced education. Iqbal (2012) has argued that there is not much difference between the academic levels of the government schools and the private schools and has also cited examples that the eight grade math and the fourth grade readings were just a wash. According to Klugman (2012) most of the effects of the private school education are influenced by the family decisions and motivations. According to Lubienski and Lubienski (2013) families of the students studying in the public schools can at least question the authorities regarding the licensing and the certification of the teachers, as most of the teachers are appointed on the basis of a level of teaching quality, whereas in the private schools there are no such rules regarding the appointment of the teachers (Lubienski and Lubienski 2013). Private schools in the UAE Most of the Emirati schools are bestowed with Islamic values other than the western culture. Emirati families can want their child to be acquainted with other cultures and thus choose to send their children to private schools (Hvidman and Andersen 2013). The general, socio economic status of most of the Emirati families are quite good, which leads them to opt for private schools with better facilities. Some private schools have much advanced extracurricular facilities like provision for games such as soccer, basket balls, and dance classes, swimming classes, interactive clubs and more. It can be easily said that public schools will not be able to give their students with such a varied number of facilities other than studies (Mazawi 2017). The Emiratis often face problems with the English language as in most of the Islamic schools, Arabic is used as the medium of instruction and the curriculum is mainly based on the Islamic values (Mazawi 2017). Since, English is an accepted language all over the world and is the medium of instruction for all the official work, knowledge of this language is necessary. According to Ruban (2012) most of the Emirati schools are incapable of providing proper English education. Hence, this can be one of th e important factors which drive the Emirati families towards private schools. According to Mazawi (2017) private schools in Abu Dhabi had outperformed the government schools in several aspects. According to the reports, private school parents have a higher viewpoint about the school quality than the public school parents, in terms of school climate, student learning and school-parent relationships. According to the study conducted by Mckinnon et al. (2013) the cognitive achievement scores of the students in comparison with the students from the public schools have been proven to be higher. In terms of math and science subject the achievement advantage is found to be higher in the private schools in UAE. According to the study conducted by Mckinnon et al. (2013) the cognitive achievement scores of the students in comparison with the students from the public schools have been proven to be higher. In terms of math and science subject the achievement advantage is found to be higher in the private schools in UAE. The national statistics of UAE shows that private schools in UAE have increased from 168 to 473 since 1982 to 2011(Mazawi 2017). Reports show that in the last five years the number of students in the private schools has increased drastically. According to Mckinnon et al. (2013) the two factors that are driving the Emirati parents to admit their wards in private schools can be listed as The influence of the school ambience As per the parents feedback, the private school climates are much healthier than that of the government schools as the parents donate a large amount of money as the tuition fees. Focus on the science subjects- Private schools generally follow an international curriculum that is accepted worldwide and generally emphasize on the pedagogy of science teaching. On the other hand the public schools are mainly based on Islamic teachings and virtues and focus less on science topics (Mckinnon et al. 2013). Conclusion It cannot be said that government schools are not capable of giving proper education to the students, as academic performances depend upon the merit of a persona and not on the type of the school. It can be definitely said that private school cater to the overall development of the child apart from the studies. References Ball, S.J., 2007.Education plc: Understanding private sector participation in public sector education. Routledge. Hvidman, U. and Andersen, S.C., 2013. Impact of performance management in public and private organizations.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,24(1), pp.35-58. Iqbal, M., 2012. Public versus private secondary schools: A qualitative comparison.Journal of Research and Reflections in Education,6(1), pp.40-49. Klugman, J., 2012. How resource inequalities among high schools reproduce class advantages in college destinations.Research in Higher Education,53(8), pp.803-830. Lubienski, C.A. and Lubienski, S.T., 2013.The public school advantage: Why public schools outperform private schools. University of Chicago Press. Mazawi, A. ed., 2017.World Yearbook of Education 2010:" Education and the Arab'World': Political Projects, Struggles, and Geometries of Power". Routledge. McKinnon, M., Barza, L. and Moussa-Inaty, J., 2013. Public versus private education in primary science: The case of Abu Dhabi schools.International Journal of Educational Research,62, pp.51-61. Ruban, N.A.B.H., 2012. United Arab Emirates.TIMSS 2011 Encyclopedia, p.961.

A Seperate Piece Essays - Phillips Exeter Academy, A Separate Peace

A Seperate Piece Essays - Phillips Exeter Academy, A Separate Peace A Seperate Piece A Separate Peace - Gene's Journey Gene Forrester's difficult journey towards maturity and the adult world is a main focus of the novel, A Separate Peace, by John Knowles. Gene's journey begins the moment he pushes Phineas from the tree and the process continues until he visits the tree fifteen years later. Throughout this time, Gene must become self-aware, face reality and the future, confront his problems, as well as forgive and accept the person that he is. With the jouncing of the limb, Gene realizes his problems and the true person he is inside. Fifteen years later, when revisiting the tree, he finally accepts and forgives himself. This journey is a long and painful one. At the end of this long and winding road filled with ditches, difficulties and problems, Gene emerges a mature adult. Gene jounces the limb and causes Finny's fall and at that moment becomes aware of his inner-self and learns of his true feelings. This revelation comes to him back in his room before he and Finny leave for the tree. It surrounds him with the shock of his true self until he finally reacts by jouncing the limb. Up in the tree, before the two friends are about to make their double-jump, Gene sees Finny in this new light. He realizes that Finny feels no jealousy or hatred towards him and that Finny is indeed perfect in every way. Gene becomes aware that only he is the jealous one. He learns of his animosity and that he really is a savage underneath. Over a long period of time Gene had been denying his feelings of hatred towards Finny, saying that it was normal for him to feel this way. Now all of the feelings come back to him and he sees how terrible he really is. The realization that these feelings are one-sided causes Gene to to fall dramatically in comparison to Finny (he paints himself black for these feelings and because Finny doesn't share them, he puts a halo around Finny's head), concludes with the neccessity for Finny to be brought down to his level, and results with Gene jouncing the limb. After the realization of the person he truly is, in his room and up in the tree, Gene must now confront his problems, face reality, and deal with the future. He must learn that communication is very important in a relationship and that he must express himself instead of keeping his feelings inside, as he had always done with Finny. He must learn to listen to himself rather than to others. These were just a few of the many problems there were in his relationship with Finny. He must face reality and acknowledge the fact that he isn't as great as Finny, that he is his own individual person and that Finny isn't as perfect as he thought. Gene must accept the guilt for Finny's difficulties after his injury and must help Finny as a punishment and act of repentence for his deed. Gene does this by giving a part of himself to Finny as we see with the case of sports throughout the rest of the novel - how Gene becomes Finny when it comes to sports. Although the above are all of great importance, the greatest hurdle Gene must overcome is learning to live with what he's done. This painful step is the one which will allow him to completely mature. The final stage of Gene's maturation is his self-acceptence and self-forgivness. He has to accept that he isn't perfect and that he, like any other normal being (even Finny), has faults. Accepting that his innocence has been lost helps Gene move on into another part of his life and realize that he can never return to the days of his innocent youth again. He can now become a man, enter the war and adult world and leave his youth behind. Forgiving himself is the step which allows Gene to lead a normal life and enter society. He must finally forgive himself completely for his blind act and allow himself to come in out of the rain. By accepting as well as forgiving the person that he is, Gene enables himself to move on

MLA Referencing †Citing an Edited Book (Proofread My Paper)

MLA Referencing – Citing an Edited Book MLA Referencing – Citing an Edited Book MLA referencing offers a simple way of citing sources in a college paper. However, for an edited book, there are some rules you need to remember, especially on the â€Å"† page. First, though, let’s take a quick look at citing sources in the text. In-Text Citations When citing something from an edited book in MLA, give the surname of the author of the section cited and the relevant page number(s) in parentheses: Communication can influence an individual’s expectations (Smith 253). As with other source types, you do not need to repeat the name of the author in citations when they’re already named in the text: According to Smith, communication is â€Å"one of the means by which an individual can influence another individual’s expectations† (253). The only time you’ll need to cite the editor or editors is when citing an edited volume as a whole, but this would be unusual most of the time. The Page (Chapter from an Edited Book) MLA requires that all sources cited are listed in a â€Å"† page at the end of your document. When citing a single chapter from an edited book, the format to use is: Author Surname, Forename. â€Å"Chapter Title.† Edited Book Title, edited by Editor’s Name, Publisher, Year, Page Range. As such, the essay used in the examples above would appear as: Smith, John W. â€Å"Communication and Expectations: A Social Process and the Cognitive Operations It Depends Upon and Influences.† Readings in Animal Cognition, edited by Mark Bekoff and Dale Jamieson, MIT Press, 1996, pp. 243-55. The Page (Multiple Chapters) This format differs slightly if you’re citing several chapters from the same edited book, as MLA referencing allows you to cross-reference entries to save repeating information. This involves first adding a separate entry in the â€Å"† list for the volume as a whole: Editor Surname, Forename, editor(s). Title of Book. Publisher, Year of Publication. If a book has multiple editors, you only need to invert the names of the first author. We would therefore list Readings in Animal Cognition as: Bekoff, Mark and Dale Jamieson, editors. Readings in Animal Cognition. MIT Press, 1996. After this, each essay from the edited volume can be listed separately, mentioning the editor(s) of the edited book and page range to show where they come from: Bekoff, Mark and Dale Jamieson, editors. Readings in Animal Cognition. MIT Press, 1996. Gruen, Lori. â€Å"Gendered Knowledge? Examining Influences on Scientific and Ethological Inquiries.† Bekoff and Jamieson, pp. 17-27. Smith, John W. â€Å"Communication and Expectations: A Social Process and the Cognitive Operations It Depends Upon and Influences.† Bekoff and Jamieson, pp. 243-55. Thornhill, Randy. â€Å"The Study of Adaptation.† Bekoff and Jamieson, pp. 107-27. Finally, remember to maintain alphabetical order by surname throughout your â€Å"† page. This order must be used even if it means that chapters from an edited book aren’t listed together.

Sales Management of Moneybank Liechtenstein Essay

Sales Management of Moneybank Liechtenstein - Essay Example Due to the changing market conditions, the research, that is presented in this essay should be carried out by the salespersons, which will provide information on the type of products of Moneybank Liechtenstein that to be launched. This essay also provides several setbacks, that may be faced by the sales employees. Products such as loans, should take the larger fraction in the advertising platforms. That is because due to the changing economies and global markets, clients will not be able to save much into their accounts. Additionally, some clients will require requesting new loans to help in boosting of their falling businesses. The researcher states that Moneybank Liechtenstein should take this market niche to focus on the loan products. Nevertheless, this can be achieved with a growth in customer relationship to the set goals. The goals to be set will be divided into two types of individual goals and team goals. Then, the goals will be set on a basis of the firm's success and then presented in this essay. Areas of weakness should be targeted prevent any weak spots where the competitor can take advantage. It is stated that setting of goals will help workers overcome the negatives that affect them during their working period. They have to be self-confident and sales driven in order to increase the customer base in the new branch. It is also concluded that such reviews should be used to assess an employee job performance and productivity. To obtain perfect results, the appraisal should be done periodically.

Global Health and Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Global Health and Sustainability - Essay Example As the paper stresses the concept of ‘sustainability’ implies enduring the capacity of protecting human health through contributing towards the environment and society. In this regard, the implementation of new sustainable interventions will ensures support to poor economic countries for achieving overall benefits with respect to global healthcare. In addition to this, sustainable healthcare intervention aims at improving knowledge about preserving water, sanitation as well as hygiene by introducing healthcare programs. In the current scenario, adequate initiatives have been taken by the healthcare industries in order to bring the sustainability in operational process for enhancing the global health care domain. As the discussion declares Chlamydia is one of the common ‘sexually transmitted disease (STD)’ in human body. The disease is spread by Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria and affects the health condition of people. The term ‘Chlamydia’ has originated from Greek word, which implies ‘cloak’. Moreover, Chlamydia infection belongs to the bacterial family Chlamydiaceae. The infection caused by Chlamydia can be a vital cause for genital as well as eye disease in human beings. The bacteria Chlamydia can be found inside human body or cells. However, infection caused by Chlamydia often depicts to be symptomless, which goes untreated. In this regard, it can be mentioned that Chlamydia often denotes a silent feature as the patients of this disease are experiencing minimum symptoms

Abortion and the Medical Profession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abortion and the Medical Profession - Essay Example Perhaps no other issue stirs up heated debates and fierce emotions than that of abortion. It is one of the most contentious issues in society today. Medical and health care professionals are often put into a serious quandary regarding abortion and their professional practice in regards to their personal and religious beliefs. This issue of abortion clearly has ethical implications for people who want to avail of these surgical procedures and the ones performing them. Like any divisive issue, there are no easy answers to such a sticky emotional issue. In most cases, it all boils down to one’s deeply-held personal beliefs that will determine a stance the person has on a certain issue such as abortion. Before the landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court passed in the Roe vs. Wade decision, abortion was legal in a few states but illegal in most states of the country. Other countries do likewise have similar ambivalent laws regarding such a basic issue as human life and the right to life of an unborn child. The medical profession forbids the taking of life as contained in its Hippocratic Code. However, there are clearly certain instances in which abortion is justified (based on medical grounds) to be performed such as a threat to the life of the pregnant woman or the pregnancy is the result of rape or incest.

Micro And Macro Environment Analysis Of Disneyland Tourism Essay

Micro And Macro Environment Analysis Of Disneyland Tourism Essay Upon review the Disneyland operation in different regions that appear many opportunities and challenges, which are facing to Disneyland. Since the major challenge is cultural crash in different areas that vary from region to region, which together with the problems of Disneylands standardization structure. In the past, Disneyland has difficulty when dealing with the employees in 2006 of Hong Kong Disney that led to high level of anger among dissatisfied. The top management in Disneyland tries to cope with cultural in overseas to solve the problems of conflicts between the employers and employees towards. On the other hand, Disneyland tries every mean to adapt more to the local environment in order to facilitate the local customers needs and wants. The Walt Disney Company is in the entertainment industry that is tending to spread more globally throughout the world. History and Company Background of Disneyland The Walt Disney Theme Park was founded over 80 years that the first Disneyland is lunched in USA, which is going to expand to new territories that go further to market globalization in universal. There is total 11 theme park in worldwide that contain Paris, Tokyo, Honk Kong and Shanghai in future. (DISNEY, 2010) Mission of Disneyland That is to deliver quality entertainment experience to all ages with the messages Dream come true and focus on the Imagineering that focus to provide and create magic hours to all guests and visitors. Context Analysis This will go on to analysis the marketing environment that consists of micro-environment and macro-environment. The micro-environment concerns the internal factors affecting The Walt Disney Company whereas the macro-environment concerns the external factors that can affect the micro-environment (Kolter, Bowen Makens, 2006). SWOT Analysis of Walt Disney Company There are four things an organization should consider and analyze during various stages throughout the fiscal year that are crucial to keeping up with the competition and giving a relatively accurate perspective on positioning. The SWOT analysis helps an organization understand the current and potential environment for their particular product and service (Hair, Lamb McDaniel, 2008) which allow adjusting the marketing tactics in order to help focus the strategies. That is going to analysis and recognizes the strengths and weaknesses are internal reflections, whereas the opportunities and threats are external reflections. Strengths Walt Disney Company has developed established and well known brand name and image over many years in the entertainment industry, which has long history and tradition that can facilitate traditional values (Datamonitor, 2007). In addition, Disneyland has many unique roles of characters and each of it has specific and attractive fairy tales hus, Disneyland are well equipping with broad product portfolio that consist of media networks, parks and resorts, studio entertainment and consumer products as different business segments with Imagineering section. Weaknesses Walt Disney Company is frequent change in top management level that let to miscommunication and a high chance for a bureaucracy between employers and employees, which cause of high turnover rate. Furthermore, Disneyland is mainly focus on standardization that each of the theme parks in different region is similar except the one in Tokyo. Since 1997 decreasing revenues and strong degreasing operating income no profitable unit Opportunities The markets of today are becoming more versatile to outsourcing and globalization. The trend towards globalization is not immune to the entertainment business and The Walt Disney Company is revealing this by expanding outside of the United States and offering theme parks in France, Japan and China. Threats Threats that are more prevalent in the era of globalization are the laws and regulations of other countries. There is a need for constant monitoring of the differences in the laws of other countries and the United States when organizations are outsourcing. Moreover, the theme parks must meet the safety regulations of the countries in which they operate in order to stay in business and maintain their international status. Furthermore, since the culture difference is vary from region to region that is hard to predict the right social development or interests of the target customers. As with any business a main aspect of the threat analysis is the competition. The Walt Disney Company and the theme park industry are many competitors like Universal Studios. In addition, there are many other less visible competitors that one might not naturally think of when assessing the competitive market in which Disney deals. For instance, there are various country parks like water parks that can also be considered as cheaper or more valuable competition for Disney. Competition, in any form, can diminish Disneys market share in the entertainment industry (Datamonitor, 2007 After analysis the external and internal environment of Walt Disney Company that has been figure out some of the problems should be aware afterwards. Key Issues The major existing problems facing by The Walt Disney Company that is highlighted the theme parks in Paris and Hong Kong. For the Disney of Paris has faulty or misguided during the planning of basic assumptions and forecasts. Disney failed to anticipate the major change of economy that European Recession during the Disney opened. Europe was in the middle of an economic slump with financial problem. Thus, this reduced the purchasing power at this time. The graph below illustrates the downturn in Frances GDP during this period (1992-1994), resulting in a reduction in disposable income among the French population. Moreover, Disney did not anticipate the culture differences of Europeans that incorporate with the language and eating habits, initially, banned alcohol in the park of the worlds largest wine consumption country. The cultural miscalculations with incorrect marketing plan of cross-cultural blunders occurred and were widely, even gleefully as the American cultural imperialism. Many additional internal and external factors contributed to the initial failure of Euro Disney, which are communication gaps, increasing interest rates, reduction in the real estate market, operational errors, and high labor costs all contributed to the $1 billion USD total loss. However, many of these factors have been thoroughly analyzed throughout the years. Fortunately for Disney, many of these factors were corrected. By 2008, Euro Disney was able to make a profit of $19 million HKD. Besides, Hong Kong Disney fails to reach target numbers of guest arrivals and fails to gain competitive advantages that due to poor management that fail to embrace the importance of corporate social responsibility planning in building up customer loyalty. Although Disney learned lessons and tried to avoid the same mistakes of cultural differences, the management has only focused on risk patterns rather than appraisal and learning about potential chance and risk. Disney had attempted entry into the growing Chinese market prior opening in china (Kolter Armstrong, 2006). Since the publication of fairy tales story books in Mandarin and creation of Disney character based on the Chinese traditional legend Mulan. Thus, Hong Kong Disneyland took the steps to avoid the cultural crashes which happened in France, by preparing the population for the entry of Disney and enabling the identification with Disney character and concepts (Jobber D., 2007). However, Hong Kong Disneyland admitted that the park had only attended around 4.5 million visitors in 2008 and so on in 2009. Apart from this, there are losing money according to the revenue and expenses that shown at the bellowing (HKDL, 2010). On the other hand, Tokyo Disney regarded as a great success with combined annual attendance and operating income, which is a joint venture operation model operated by Japanese. That successful reason is not only rely on à ¦- ¥Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ ¬Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ±manageà §Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ªÃ†â€™Ã‚   no cultural crash that can à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. As the Japanese had a great interest in Western cultural and do love of fantasy and costume that main visitors of this theme park are the local residents of Japan in fact. Despite Japan is facing the problem of aging population, the management had set the slight on the growing elderly population as marketing strategy to deal with the problem of aging population. Tokyo Disneyland offers a cut-rate annual pass for visitor who aged 60 or above. This action arise the discussion that Disneyland is icons of entertainment for children, no matter this is the first time a special annual pass for seniors has been available, it also successes to take measure and addressed to the senior. (THINGSASIAN, 2008) http://www.thingsasian.com/stories-photos/29639 After the wavering beginnings of Euro Disney, management quickly learned many valuable lessons about international expansion and acted on these lessons to develop culturally accepted and profitable theme park. To prevent the consequences of the failure that is needed learn from the pervious experiences and clarify clearly about the key successful factors of managing global marketing strategies. Q1. The critical success factors in managing a global marketing strategy Business consultants thus contend that the key to successful international marketing for any business-whether a multinational corporation or a small entrepreneurial venture-is the ability to adapt, manage, and coordinate an intelligent plan in an unfamiliar (and sometimes unstable) foreign environment.

Daniel Elazar, Bogus or Brilliant: A Study of Political Culture Across the American States :: Politics Political Science Essays

Daniel Elazar, Bogus or Brilliant: A Study of Political Culture Across the American States American states each have individual political cultures which are important to our understanding of their political environments, behavior, and responses to particular issues. While voters probably do not consciously think about political culture and conform to that culture on election day, they seem to form cohesive clusters in different areas of the state, creating similar group political ideologies. Because of these similarities, it is possible to measure the dominant political culture within states or areas of a state, gaining insight into the mind-set of state residents. Whatever the state culture, whether liberal or conservative, participatory or exclusive, political culture identifies dominant, state-wide trends. The question remains whether there is an accurate way to measure this political culture phenomenon in the United States. Many studies try to measure political culture within states, but some political scientists are wary of assigning state political cultures because such measurements may be of dubious empirical grounding. While the process may not be entirely empirically sound, different state political cultures seem to exist and demand further analysis. In 1966, Daniel Elazar published his now famous assessment of United States’ political cultures. His evaluation of state cultures has been the focus of much study and criticism over the past three decades. Elazar proposes that the political culture in the United States developed in different regions due to east to west migratory patterns moving across the continent. Patterns of political culture were established during the Western frontier migration, as individuals followed â€Å"lines of least resistance which generally led them due west from the immediately previous area of settlement† (Elazar, 1966: 99). As a result, like-minded indivi duals migrated together and stayed together, causing similar political ideology to transform into a dominant political culture (Elazar, 1994). Political cultures are dominant in certain areas of the country due to westward expansion. Moralism characterizes communitarian-agrarian New England and the far northern states, while the agrarianism of the middle states is individualistic. Traditionalism dominates the South and its plantation agrarianism structure. Typically, moralistic political cultures focus on agrarianism, individualism on commerce, and traditionalism on aristocratic legitimacy. These differing foci help to categorize Elazar’s political cultures in the United States (Elazar 1984: 119, 122). Elazar’s political culture typology divides state political culture into three dominant categories: moralist, individualist, and traditionalist. Moralists measure government by its commitment to the public good and concern for public welfare.

Meaning of life Essay

â€Å"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. † –Nelson Mandela The importance of learning is to enable the individual to put his potentials to optimal use. Education makes man a right thinker and a correct decision-maker. It achieves this by bringing him knowledge from the external world, teaching him to reason and acquainting him with past history, so that he can be a better judge of the present. With education, he finds himself in a room with all its windows open to the outside world. A well educated man is a more dependable worker, a better citizen, a centre of wholesome influence, pride to his community and honour to his country. A nation is great only in proportion of its advancement in education. Education is Self Empowerment. Receiving a good education makes a person strong enough to look after himself in any given situation. It keeps him aware of the given surrounding as well as the rules and regulations of the society. It’s only through knowledge that one can question authority for its negligence or discrepancies and only then that can a person avail his rights as a citizen and seek improvement in the structural functioning of governance and economy. As a whole, people can bring about development only when they know where improvement is necessary for the greater good of mankind. Education gives a better understanding to the person, it helps realize potential and qualities one possesses as a human being. It helps tap into latent talent, so that people can sharpen their skills. Education teaches what man lives and struggles for. It cultivates an integrated life. By so doing, it gives significance of life. It helps restores financial stability and dignity of life. It is the essential basis of a good life. Education enlightens and lifts a nation to heights of progress. The problem in India is that it has adopted democracy without preparing the ground for it by educating population. But its never too late to undertake mass programmes of Adult education or Social education. Adult education is the education of grown up men and women. In the complex modern times, people must be knowledgeable and be aware of what they are doing and what is being done to them. To create such sentience every responsible citizen should take up this social cause and educate the knowledge deprived people. Teaching a daily worker for just an hour daily can change their lives in propitious ways as it was rightly quoted by Neil Armstrong, ‘One small step is a giant leap for mankind’. In recent history our country has taken up good measures to ensure a high educated population by taking up several social causes and concentrating on the rural areas, since they comprise a majority but the system has been laid back due the restraints imposed by old cultural ethics. For the past few centuries in India, the girl has been completely neglected even as a human being, her sole purpose of life has been to feed the family and bear a child. Good education has been denied to women. It is argued that women have their domestic duties to perform and that, if they were educated, they would bury themselves in their books and have little time for attending to the management of their households. But what people fail to understand is education involves knowledge of the means by which health may be preserved and enable a mother to consult such modern books as will tell her how to rear up her children into healthy men and women and skilfully nurse them and her husband, when disease attacks her household. The purpose of education is not just earning a livelihood but education makes an individual into a good human being, which is passed on to the next the kith and kin. It is true that, the education of girls has lately taken a slight leap but this is only in a very small segment of Indian society. Unless the motion is fast and continuous, and includes more of poor urban and rural girls in the field of education, there can be no hope of having a developed and first world country status for India. â€Å"When a man is educated, only he is educated but, when a woman is educated, a family is educated. † – Indira Gandhi â€Å"Education is the great engine of personal development. It is through education that the daughter of a peasant can become a doctor, that the son of a mineworker can become the head of the mine, that a child of farworkers can become the president of a great nation. It is what we make out of what we have, not what we are given, that separates one person from another. † – Nelson Mandela.

Unusual Things to Do for Christmas

Unusual Things to Do for Christmas When you come home for Christmas break this year, bring some creative ideas with you. If you’re tired of celebrating things the same way year in and year out, make some suggestions for how to shake things up at your house this holiday. Whether it’s celebrating in a new destination or drastically changing the menu, there are lots of ways to make this Christmas different from any other. If you don’t have any ideas that strike you, take some inspiration from this list: Volunteer Christmas isn’t a day of sharing gifts and feasting for many people. People without homes or families are in need of care during the holidays and volunteering for a soup kitchen or spending time with elderly people in a retirement home can make a huge difference in someone’s life. Youll be surprised how many benefits volunteering can bring you. Go Camping Get away from all the commercialized expectations of Christmas and grab your tent and head out into the woods. Warming up by the fire and sleeping under the stars can be a refreshing change from Christmas party mayhem. Get Out of Town Go a step further and check out altogether by celebrating Christmas somewhere else this year. Whether it’s in a foreign country, or someplace warm like a tropical beach or just someplace different, it can certainly be an alternative to the usual Christmas routine. Celebrate Christmas Traditions From Around the World Make a pià ±ata and fill it with coins and candy like in Mexico. In Ukraine, a twelve-course meal is served and the family’s youngest child sits by the window to watch for the first star to appear in the sky, signaling that it’s time to eat. Or dust off the snow and fire up the barbeque Australian style. Or do everything by candlelight for the entire day like in traditional Swedish lore. Do you want to know more about other Christmas traditions? Check out the blog on interesting facts about Christmas. Some of them will really surprise you! Fast for the Day Most Christmas celebrations involve eating a lot of food and drinking a lot of alcohol. Whether you want to avoid packing on the pounds or simply don’t wish to participate in the gluttony, fasting on Christmas would certainly be a departure from the norm. Put on a Christmas Play Get your family members together and put on a play. Maybe it will be based on an existing play or film like A Christmas Carol or It’s a Wonderful Life or A Charlie Brown Christmas or How the Grinch Stole Christmas. Or maybe you’ll make up your own play that’s totally unique. In any case, it can be a fun and creative way to get into the festivities. You can invite other family members, friends and neighbors to come and watch. Decorate Your Car If you think that decorating Christmas trees is too boring, put some tinsel and lights on your car so you can spread Christmas cheer even if you’re just driving to the gas station to buy coffee creamer. However, you can make an unusual Christmas tree instead. Bring a Guest If you have a friend from school who doesn’t have a place to celebrate Christmas this year, bring them home with you and share your family traditions with them. Rent a Horse-Drawn Sleigh Depending on where you live, you might be able to rent one of these for the day and get taken around a park. Don’t forget to bring some carrots for the horse. Plant a Tree This can be a great way to celebrate and spend time together as a family. Also, you’ll enjoy the fruits of it in the years to come. If it’s a fruit-bearing tree, save some of them during the year and use it to make a pie to eat on Christmas day to commemorate the day you planted it. Go Vegan Whether or not you’re actually a vegan, it can be a creative way to celebrate this year. Look up some vegan entree and dessert recipes and get your meat-eating father to participate in making it with you. If you get tired from the same scenario of celebrating Christmas but you still want to party, here youll find funny party themes for Christmas that you might actually like. Enjoy a unique Christmas this year with some of these fun and unorthodox ways to celebrate!

Negative Expectations and the film While You Were Sleeping essays

Negative Expectations and the film While You Were Sleeping essays Negative Expectations and the film While You Were Sleeping Everyday people feel the effects of others and society imposed ways to act or perform in daily actives. These imposed way are called expectations. Expectations can help people live up to there potential, act politely, finish projects, spend more time with family, and many other things that yield a positive outcome. Unfortunately, expectations are not always positive. Often these imposed expectations lead individuals into unhealthy stereotypes, sexism, sudden career choices, nonproductive relationships, little self-esteem and many other adverse results. The film While You Were Sleeping displays how one self, traditions, societies and others expectations can all intertwine and become a maze of lies, false hope, self-fulfilling prophecies and confusion. The film takes place in Chicago during the early nineties. Lucy Eleanor Moderatz is a lonely, single, Thirty year old orphan who works at the el-train taking fares. Everyday she sits in a booth like a veal (While You Were Sleeping) and watches the commuters come and go. She soon falls in love with a commuter that she has never talked to. Peter Callaghan is a stereotypically arrogant businessman who everyone loves. On Christmas day, Lucy finds herself witnessing Peter being mugged, and then thrown onto the train tracks of a quickly approaching train. Lucy saves Peter from the train and he is taken to the hospital in a coma. When Lucy checks up on Peter in the hospital a nurse assumes Lucy is his fiance and introduces the family to her under that pretense. Peters family has hea rd of Peters fiance, but has never talked to or been introduced to her, so they welcome her fully into the family unaware that the two have never met. Lucy is swept away by the idea and the acceptance of the family and does not reveal that she is not the real fiance, who happiness to be aw...

Unit 8 Seminar Legal & Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 8 Seminar Legal & Ethics - Research Paper Example To strike a balance, the therapist should carefully weigh the repercussions of keeping the secret (Bass &Quimby, 2006). If the therapist thinks that revealing the secret will be for the greater benefit of everyone, then they should inform the individual who revealed the secret of their intention to reveal it. It is the role of family therapists to ensure that they provide their clients with sufficient informed consent. The informed consent document must contain information such as the nature of the therapy process, the fees charged, the involvement of any third parties, the expected duration of the treatment process, and the circumstances and which confidentiality might not be assured (Corey, Corey &Callanan, 2010). In addition, if the therapist is using non-established procedures, the therapist should inform the client of the nature and progress of the treatment, the risks involved, and the availability of alternative treatments. To ensure full understanding on the part of the client, the therapist should have face to face discussions with the clients and explain the contents of the document. Leaving the client to read the document and assuming that they understand the contents is ethically wrong. They should be certain that the client is fully acquainted with the processes involved in the treatment process in a direct conversation with the

The influence of the movie on the society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The influence of the movie on the society - Essay Example Remember that Sontag believes movies lost their "art" in her time, and Norma believed movies lost their "art" once sound came in - in the late 1920s. Are they right? By means of looking into one’s own experience of being transported by the motion picture and allowing it to gain momentary control of human reflexes within the span of film’s length, the moviegoer manages to prove the truth behind Susan Sontag’s conviction through a varying insight to the encounter with the story and the audio-visual effects projected across the big screen. Typically, since movies are created to depict a dynamic narrative of life under a rare perspective with striking parallels to the circumstances of reality, the watcher becomes gradually kidnapped by such an essence that occurs to fulfill the movie’s objective of getting the viewer seek profound relevance. As the movie serves a vehicle that takes one to reflect with vivid imagination and pertinent emotion at depth, the act o f kidnapping, as Sontag puts it to be the principal role assumed by the film, is sustained. On the other hand, Norma’s observation that movies lost art during the arrival of the talkies in the late 1920s tends to signify reference to the aesthetic value of a motion picture.

Economic100 Article Analysis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economic100 Analysis - Article Example Broccoli, which was yesterday priced at $6.99/kg in store, could drop down to as low as $2.99/kg. Other winter vegetables, such as cauliflower and cabbage, will see similar reductions. Fruit would eventually follow, but would not drop as much, he said. Banana lovers will be the hardest hit however. â€Å"They will stay up for at least six months,† he said. Ausveg, the national peak industry body representing the interests of Australian vegetable and potato growers, has also predicted the drop in vegetable prices. â€Å"We’ve predicted a price drop in the coming months. We will see a return to normal pricing,† Ausveg spokesman Hugh Tobin said. â€Å"Areas devastated by the floods like the Lockyer Valley are getting back on track.† Ausveg had estimated national losses in vegetable and fruit production was at approximately $225 million. Price drop Winter vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower and cabbage are expected to drop in price by almost 50% in the ne xt two to three months. Fruit will slowly follow, depending on the weather, but bananas will not return to normal prices for at least six months.1 Report Introduction The price level of food products influences majority of each household’s expenditure, therefore changes in prices draw people’s attention. ... It also mentions fruits following sometime later, without being exact. It is expressing pessimistic predictions about banana’s specifically, affected by Yasi cyclone, estimating the recovery process to last at least 6 months. The national wealth suffered a terrible loss due to the flooding, and the article estimates $225 million loss in production. However, these estimates do not take into account the future consequences of losing the foreign market share. The reasons for prices being up for a long period of time and their estimated changes are hidden within laws of demand and supply. The elasticity of demand also influences the situation, and the purpose of the report is to give reasons for this thesis. There’s a high possibility of inflation affecting the situation further, and that will be also discussed. Analysis The law of supply and demand states that all other things constant, there exists an equilibrium point on the intersection of supply and demand curves, wher e the needs of customers and suppliers are met - optimal resource allocation, and that markets naturally strive for it (graph 1).4 Graph 1. Supply and demand equilibrium. Source: Investopedia. â€Å"The floods have damaged crops and caused disruption to supply.†5 What happened in Australia, with natural disasters – flood and cyclone – affecting available sources of goods, is called a supply shock. As the amount of fruits and vegetables supplied decreased, the supply curve shifted left, and the corresponding equilibrium price increased (graphs 2 and 3). â€Å"Growers whose crops have not been destroyed have had difficulty transporting their products to market

Education Essay Example for Free

Education Essay An enabling school climate plays an important role in determining the outcome of learning experience for learners, care givers, parents or guardians as well as staff. On the other hand, a school environment that fails to foster proper relationships amongst all stakeholders in a school community can be blamed for poor performance and indiscipline that characterizes schools where there is a negative or unfavorable environment. In deed the school climate goes further than defining the academic performance since the climate in school affects not only the learners’ but also the immediate community, the staff as well as the neighboring community. This paper expounds on the various aspects of the school environment which in turn leads to deterioration of home/school relations or the improvement of the same (Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 35). Although different scholars have advanced different meanings to the term ‘ school climate, many scholars favor the definition which views school environment as the sum total of all factors that, affect the learning process in the school as well as the interrelations amongst different players in the education process. School climate is influenced by a number of factors which include but are not limited to; the physical components of the school such as the type of classrooms and other physical structures in the school compound. For the physical components to constitute part of the school climate, such must have a direct influence on how teachers, staff, learners and parents perceive the school and therefore influences the relations between school and home. Physical facilities are also important in that, they can hinder or enhance the relationships amongst participants in the education process. Physical facilities have been known to influence how learning takes place as less unfavorable physical facilities are less likely to foster a positive learning environment (Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 76). Indeed, where the physical facilities are not conducive to learning, this can negatively affect student ability to concentrate or even deal a blow to student’s self esteem all of which would in such a case influence the relations between the school and the home. Equally important is the social cultural factors especially those which concern diversity, most schools enroll learners from various socio-cultural background something which results into conflicts if not managed well. Where there are conflicts, it becomes very difficult for positive relations to prosper and again, this has a bearing on the school/home environment. Intolerance based on factors such as race, religion, or ideological beliefs could trigger tensions. Therefore there is a need for proper management of diversity if the school climate is going to positively contribute to positive school/home environment. The staff and even the parents all have a responsibility in creating an organizational culture that exemplifies trust and understanding amongst different stake holders with an aim of ensuring that, all members of the school community are treated equally and with the same dignity. Issues such as the use of Native American mascots during sports and which have spurred mixed reactions must be properly analyzed for their effects on the school/home relations to be understood. Where such are found to contribute in any way to negative school/home relations, there is a need for corrective measures to be taken both at he bottom line and at the decision making level so as to prevent undesirable consequences (McNeely, Nonnemaker, Blum, 67). Where students are treated favorably or discriminately because of socio-cultural background, the end result is a tension filed school/home relations and with such an environment, academic performance becomes very difficult and unrealizable. Social background largely determines the ability of the parents or guardians (home) of the learner to afford education-related services and therefore in cases whereby a school acts unreasonably in charging for education related services, this may be perceived by the parents to mean that, the school does not welcome the affected children to study or seek educational services in the school. Ensuring that, learners are satisfied and feel loved, cared for, appreciated and welcome in school also contributes to enhanced home/school relations (Loukas , Robinson, 194). How learners are treated is likely also to determine the behavior of the parents and guardians back at home as more parents and guardians are more likely to depend on feedback from their children to gauge the school climate. This in turn may influence how the parents and guardians view and relate with the school. Whereby the ‘home-side’ is not pleased with the school conduct in regard to how the latter treats learners, a standoff may result and in such circumstance, the school environment is bound to be unfriendly and un-responsive to the needs of the home. This is more likely to lead to negative school/home relations. Without efforts from both the home and school to make learners satisfied with the system, learners will most likely develop some resentment as they may conclude that, the school climate is not as supportive as they would expect. The teachers have a responsibility to show support to learners and try to align the learning goals to the expectations of the learners especially in regard to mainly the learners achieve and accomplish not only academic goals but also career goals. A positive school climate is important in the creation of working teams in the school. Team spirit is important because a school as a social institution has some common and shared goals and objectives which it must share as a community. Without collaboration and cooperation amongst members of the school community, different members are likely to function as units as opposed to collectively and therefore the chances of failure to attain desired outcomes in terms of improved school climate becomes a reality. What often is forgotten by school administrators is the fact that, learners too have expectations and in any case, needs which they aim to achieve for all their efforts in schools. A common cause of differences and problems is whereby teachers tend to treat learners as though they do not have personal needs and objectives, that is, a motivation to be in school. For a positive school environment to be realized, learners must be treated as an important party and should be accorded the necessary support in order to emerge successful and victorious. Since the main connection between the school and the home is the learner, ignoring the needs and concerns of the learner is tantamount to breaking the link between the home and the school. The school climate can also be attained through the staff and learners encouraging openness and trust building amongst learners and especially in connection with the latter’s behavior and attitudes towards the school. In the case whereby the students are in secondary level, there is usually the factor of their emotional status occasioned by growth and development which influences how the learners view the staff and other members of the school community. As the Center on Families, Communities, Schools, and Childrens Learning, (21) observes, school climate is important in connecting learners activities to school mission, (Felner, Favazza, Shim, Brand, Gu, Shim, 124), adds that, school climate is not easily noticeable as it is usually invisible and only the effects can be recognized. Whenever learners and the rest of the school’s staff demonstrate positive behavior in terms of values, the school climate is said to be enabling and every school community member is able to function normally. Tableman (98) mentions safety as very important in determining the kind of school climate present in any given school. So as to achieve an enabling school climate, there is a need for measures to be put in place in order to ensure that, all precautionary measures are taken in terms of adhering to guidelines stipulated in safety guidelines for schools. Therefore through enhancement of school safety precautions, the school climate is enhanced and this is important in maintaining of good school/home relations. Enhancing the school climate also calls for improved interpersonal relations and as stipulated earlier, there is a need for the school administrators to be well trained in terms of dealing with conflicts and conflict resolution strategies (Comer, Haynes, 87). The administration of schools must rise to a level whereby conflicts are viewed as opportunities to embrace diversity of ideas and opinions and an opportunity to involve everyone in the decision making process. A school which involves both learners and parents in the decision making process is more likely to prosper than a school which leaves the rest of the school community in the dark when making decisions which impact on every stakeholder (Tarter, Sabo, Hoy, 109). Although every member of the school community has a responsibility to ensure success and of a positive school climate, no one is more central to this process than the school administration because they are the policy makers and also play a decisive role in the implementation of policies (Tarter, Sabo, Hoy, 78). Continuous improvement through inititiation of change is very crucial in the realization of a positive school climate. No system is perfect and even for schools with the best structures in place, there are usually challenges and problems which have to be dealt with continually as it is not usually possible to achieve perfect systems over night. Therefore how the organization receives change usually determines the success or failure of the change process. The stakeholders must be able and willing to adapt to various situations so as to allow every one to fit into the system and function in unity. Equally important to the realization of success is the commitment of all in all efforts geared towards an improved school environment. Without dedication and the pooling of resources, the change effort still remains elusive and not easy to achieve. Therefore, schools must nurture all its members so that, the synergetic effect may be realized and an enabling school environment attained. Equally important is the carrying out of a needs assessment which serves to identify barriers to positive school environment as well as the pointing out of areas of concern needing urgent attention. Without proper guidance and leadership from the administration a school climate worthy emulating may be unrealistic, indeed, the leadership offered in any given organization determines the success of the change initiatives and in some cases serves as the selling point of an organization by providing an empowering internal environment. Therefore, the quality and type of leadership may cause either a positive or negative school environment. It is therefore fundamental for the school to offer the best possible leadership as a means of enhancing the school environment (Cohen, 123). Many schools have failed to incorporate scientific methods in resolving some of the challenges they face. In deed, research studies can be used to establish causes of negative school climate for schools facing such challenges but most schools have not gone as far as carrying out research studies pointing out lack of sufficient funds. Therefore there is a need for sensitization of schools on the importance using scientific methods to better understand the school climate. Communication plays an important role in determining the school environment and therefore for any school to realize a desirable school climate, it must demonstrate ability to establish proper communication structures. Most schools have in the past failed by failing to embrace both downward ad upward communications. This amount to failing to appreciate the contribution students can make to creating of an empowering school climate (Freiberg,36). In conclusion, the fact that the students have an important role to play in promoting a positive school culture should trigger the administration to fully involve them in initiation of change by streamlining communication function in the organization. Until then, the school is likely to face problems when it comes to fostering a positive school climate.

what would jesus brew :: essays research papers

Is Justified True Belief Really Knowledge? So, you think you found some truth in the traditional concepts that knowledge is true belief? Well, I just might have to burst your bubble and join up with Edmond L. Gettier’s famous counterexample’s to these particular beliefs. Gettier, published these ambitious counterexamples in a June 1963 article entitled, â€Å"Is Justified Knowledge True Belief.† The traditional concepts of knowledge seem to hold that the following three stipulations are jointly sufficient in verifying the claim that S knows p ( where S is some entity with the capacity for knowing and p is some proposition or claim): (i) p is true, (ii), S believes that p, and (iii), S is justified in believing that p. Gettier’s counterexamples demonstrate situations in which justified true belief does not lend to the yield of knowledge. Before stating his cases, Gettier is quick to note two points; The first being â€Å"it is possible for a person(S) to be justified in believing a proposition(p) that is in fact false.† And secondly, for any time S is justified in believing p, and p entails q which S then deduces from p and is then justified in believing q. This means that if a person(S) is justified in believing a false proposition, then they are justified in believing other false propositions or propositions that turn out to be true based on false propositions . Gettier, provides two cases, using two subjects(Smith and Jones), that are directly pertaining to two falicies inherent within the traditional beliefs of knowledge. In the first case, Gettier supposes that the two subjects(Smith and Jones) are both applying for a certain job and that Smith has strong evidence that Jones will get the job and that Jones also has ten coins in his pocket. This proposition could be verified if Smith was assured by the president of the company that Jones would get the job and also that Smith had recently counted the number of coins in Jones’ pocket. From this proposition you can then go on to deduct that â€Å"The man who will get the job has ten coins in his pocket.† Gettier then supposes that Smith sees this and is justified in believing so. Now here’s the contradiction, imagine that unknown to Smith, he is actually the one who will receive the job and that also unknown to Smith, he coincidentally also has ten coins in his pocket.

Graduation Speech: Tonight We Cross the Finish Line :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Congratulations, County High Class of 2012, our thirteen-year marathon is over. Some of you may know I am a distance runner, part of an immensely successful cross-country and distance track program. We were fourth at the state cross-country championships, and we are the best senior boys team in the state. My involvement in athletics truly linked me with our school and granted me friends whom I will remember for a lifetime. One of the most important aspects of my time in high school was getting involved. Wherever your next journey takes you, don't sit back and watch the action. Take the initiative and you will experience the benefits. Just look around you. These are the people you grew up with, the people you were teammates with and the people you have survived dozens of classes with for the last four years. They are not merely faces in a yearbook. They are your people, your community, your family. They are the greatest benefit of being involved. Another concept I have learned from my participation in running is teamwork. No matter how hard we try, we cannot live our lives without others' help or without helping others. We must work together to succeed on the road ahead. This is the essence of teamwork. I know that even my personal success in cross-country and track is not solely mine. I know that my three district titles, one in cross country and two in track, in the 800 meter and 1600 meter runs, could not have been accomplished without my team's unequivocal support and for that, I thank them. However, along with the team element, we must remember one notion. Live life for you. Expect more out of yourself. Expect to reach the finish line, expect to finish first and expect to finish in one piece. Don't live your life striving to fulfill the expectations of your parents, your professors or your bosses. Live up to your own. Raise your expectations. Exceed them. Reach your potential. Now I have one thing to ask of you. Tonight, as we cross this finish line before us and set forth upon our next journey, strive to make a difference. Get involved to make our country a better place. Use teamwork to bring our people and the whole world together. I know to me personally, making a difference in our country and our world is paramount. Next week, I leave for the United States Military Academy at West Point, N. Graduation Speech: Tonight We Cross the Finish Line :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address Congratulations, County High Class of 2012, our thirteen-year marathon is over. Some of you may know I am a distance runner, part of an immensely successful cross-country and distance track program. We were fourth at the state cross-country championships, and we are the best senior boys team in the state. My involvement in athletics truly linked me with our school and granted me friends whom I will remember for a lifetime. One of the most important aspects of my time in high school was getting involved. Wherever your next journey takes you, don't sit back and watch the action. Take the initiative and you will experience the benefits. Just look around you. These are the people you grew up with, the people you were teammates with and the people you have survived dozens of classes with for the last four years. They are not merely faces in a yearbook. They are your people, your community, your family. They are the greatest benefit of being involved. Another concept I have learned from my participation in running is teamwork. No matter how hard we try, we cannot live our lives without others' help or without helping others. We must work together to succeed on the road ahead. This is the essence of teamwork. I know that even my personal success in cross-country and track is not solely mine. I know that my three district titles, one in cross country and two in track, in the 800 meter and 1600 meter runs, could not have been accomplished without my team's unequivocal support and for that, I thank them. However, along with the team element, we must remember one notion. Live life for you. Expect more out of yourself. Expect to reach the finish line, expect to finish first and expect to finish in one piece. Don't live your life striving to fulfill the expectations of your parents, your professors or your bosses. Live up to your own. Raise your expectations. Exceed them. Reach your potential. Now I have one thing to ask of you. Tonight, as we cross this finish line before us and set forth upon our next journey, strive to make a difference. Get involved to make our country a better place. Use teamwork to bring our people and the whole world together. I know to me personally, making a difference in our country and our world is paramount. Next week, I leave for the United States Military Academy at West Point, N.

Determining the Accounting for Receivables from Officers and Directors Essay

Philadelphia Communications Inc. (â€Å"Philly†) is a public company that completed an initial public offering (IPO) a few months ago. John Sigar is the current CEO and member of the board of directors. He is the only family member involved in the business and owns significant amount of the company’s stock. While, we were doing audit testing for accounts receivable we came across number of Notes Receivable from several Mr Sigar’s cousins. They have taken advances frequently but never failed to pay when they came due. The notes are secured by shares of Philly’s convertible preferred stock, which were purchased by the family members following IPO. The receivable support provided by the client doesn’t specify interest payment terms for these notes. During our preparation to test accounts receivable we reviewed the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codifications (ASC) and identified special presentation and disclosure requirements for these sorts of receivables. We also reviewed above described situation from International Financial Reporting Standards’ (IFRS) standpoint. When determining the accounting for receivables from officers and directors, special treatment of these cases must be accorded. The case for Philly refers to related parties transactions, which would require special disclosure in the financial reports. The receivables that is provided by Philadelphia Communications Inc. does not give specification concerning both the terms of payment and the interest payable on these notes. Testing for Accounts Receivable in Philly Case. According to Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) codifications, there are a number of codification references that are applicable to the Philly case. One applicable reference is FASB ASC 850-10-50-1 on related party transactions. The FASB code 850 discusses the disclosures that are required to be made concerning related parties. This reference provides the legal and applicable definition of what related party transaction entails. This reference also outlines the disclosure that is required to be made. One of the disclosures is the nature of the involved relationship. The description of the transaction including the dollar amounts, period of transaction, amounts due, and the due date must be disclosed. Disclosing transactions in financial statements that were eliminated while preparing consolidated financial statements is not mandatory. FASB ASC 850-10-50-2 is another codification reference that is applicable to this case. This reference discusses the notes and accounts receivables. This is the principal and direct reference that relates to the Philly case in question. The notes and accounts receivable mentioned under this codification reference are particular to the employees, officers or other entities that are affiliated to the company. For the case of Philly, notes are transacted between Philadelphia Communications Inc. CEO and the cousins. FASB ASC 850-10-50-2 requires notes or accounts receivable from related parties to be separately shown. Any effects that arise from a change in method of determining the terms of transaction from the previous period must be disclosed. It states that this transaction should not be included under notes and accounts receivable general heading. Philadelphia Communications Inc. October 19, 2013 Page 2 Another applicable reference is FASB ASC 850-10-15-2. This codification reference stresses on the requirement that the guidelines on disclosure for related parties is applicable to all entities. It does not matter if it is a private entity or public company like in this case. The financial reports must provide disclosure for the transactions. FASB ASC 850-10-50-5 discusses issue concerning disclosure of transactions that occur at an arm’s length base. This reference states that it cannot be presumed that related parties’ transaction are undertaken on an arm’s length basis. This is because the market conditions that competitive and free might not exist. This describes the relationship evident in the case of Philly’s transaction with the CEO’s cousins. Any form of representations concerning CEO’s cousins and Philadelphia Communications Inc. does not mean that, the transactions were executed on terms applicable at arm’s length. It can only be presumed so if and only if the representations of the transactions can be substantiated. The company management should supply more additional information concerning the notes and receivable concerning related parties for further clarifications. The management should provide the names of the parties issued with the notes that are secured by convertible preferred stock purchased by family members. This is per the requirement of FASB ASC 850-10-50-4. The management should also provide information concerning related parties transactions to help in comparison of financial results with the past. The payments terms and the interest accruing to such notes and receivables should be specified and provided by Philly. IFRSs Standpoint. The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) also recognises related party transactions. This is given as per the explanation under IFRS International Accounting Standards (IAS) 24. It describes a related party as involving an entity that is heavily influenced by a person transacting with a close family member. The Member of the family transacting with the entity must have significant influence on the person by the one having ownership in the company. For this case, the cousins have significant influence on the CEO of the company thus establishing a related party relationship. IFRS IAS 24 requires the firm to make certain disclosures. It requires that the total amount involved, and the nature of the transaction be disclosed in the financial statements. The outstanding amounts should also be revealed stating the terms and all conditions relating securing and settling of the notes and receivables. The disclosures should also include information regarding the guarantees made. The IFRS also demands that any provision made for doubtful debts arising from this transaction should be disclosed. Conclusion The Philadelphia Communications Inc. in its operation, have related party transactions. These transactions involve the issuance of notes to close relatives of the CEO of the company. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) requires that activities must be disclosed. The Philadelphia Communications Inc. October 19, 2013 Page 3 FASB has well explained the information that the management should consider when presenting their financial statements. The management should also improve its operations and provide further data concerning the parties they are regularly trading. Adoption of the FASB and IFRSs will ensure that all financial statements are truly and fairly presented. References FASB. Related Party Disclosures. Retrieved from Accounting Standards Codification: https://asc. fasb. org IASB. Related party disclosures. Retrieved from IFRS: http://www. ifrs. org

Free Essays on Employment At-Will

Employment at Will The industrial revolution changed the status of workers and employment soon became a purely economic relationship. By 1877, Horace G. Wood wrote an authoritative treatise on the law of master and servant and expressed the American rule as follows: "with us the rule is inflexible, that a general or indefinite hiring is prima facie hiring at-will...". Under the at-will-employment rule, an employee was free to terminate his or her employment relationship at any time for any reason and the employer was likewise permitted to terminate the employee with no reason. This employment-at-will rule remained the law until the rule began to be eroded through statutory exceptions. The employment-at-will doctrine is not absolute. As soon as it was developed, the courts recognized that a strict employment at-will doctrine could be unfair and contrary to policies established by the legislature. While many employee and employers know that states recognize the employment at-will doctrine, they may not be aware that this doctrine is not a Federal employment law, it is a common law. Since the first announcing of the at-will rule the courts have established several common law and statutory exceptions to at will employment. In his book, Heneman explains: Common law is court-made law based upon case by case decisions which over an extended period of time sets a precedence in determining permissible and impermissible actions. Every state develops and administers its own common law. Employment at-will is treated at the state level. However, there are Federal laws that dictate legal exceptions to employment at will. Many legislatures have gradually entered into protection statue areas and began chipping away at the employment at-will doctrine. Some of the many more common exceptions protected by the Federal Law include Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, Age Discrimination in Employment Act, American Disabilities Act. Alone, these a... Free Essays on Employment At-Will Free Essays on Employment At-Will Employment at Will The industrial revolution changed the status of workers and employment soon became a purely economic relationship. By 1877, Horace G. Wood wrote an authoritative treatise on the law of master and servant and expressed the American rule as follows: "with us the rule is inflexible, that a general or indefinite hiring is prima facie hiring at-will...". Under the at-will-employment rule, an employee was free to terminate his or her employment relationship at any time for any reason and the employer was likewise permitted to terminate the employee with no reason. This employment-at-will rule remained the law until the rule began to be eroded through statutory exceptions. The employment-at-will doctrine is not absolute. As soon as it was developed, the courts recognized that a strict employment at-will doctrine could be unfair and contrary to policies established by the legislature. While many employee and employers know that states recognize the employment at-will doctrine, they may not be aware that this doctrine is not a Federal employment law, it is a common law. Since the first announcing of the at-will rule the courts have established several common law and statutory exceptions to at will employment. In his book, Heneman explains: Common law is court-made law based upon case by case decisions which over an extended period of time sets a precedence in determining permissible and impermissible actions. Every state develops and administers its own common law. Employment at-will is treated at the state level. However, there are Federal laws that dictate legal exceptions to employment at will. Many legislatures have gradually entered into protection statue areas and began chipping away at the employment at-will doctrine. Some of the many more common exceptions protected by the Federal Law include Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, Age Discrimination in Employment Act, American Disabilities Act. Alone, these a...

Organizational change, diagnosis and redesign

Organizational change, diagnosis and redesign Report abstract summary This report seeks to address the issue at hand of aligning Blue sky Media PLC for change and strategic renewal. It also aims at rebuilding the company and improving the position the company has previously held. There is also the aspect of restoration of employees trust in their leaders.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Organizational change, diagnosis and redesign specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The leaders have to adopt the innovative programmes of work publicized by behavioral scientists for other levels in organizations. When they work with other leaders, they have to rely increasingly on matrix organizations, temporary tasks groups, and project teams. The work most typically reflects what is described as an exploitative-authoritative organization. In contrast, other departments in companies are practising with the more open and practical participative group approaches described by Likert. Though it is not clear that these innovative designs may lead to increased productivity, growing evidence suggests such results for knowledge based workers in complex information environments. Introduction Blue-sky media PLC is an organization which is changing fast. This organizational change is stimulated by a major external force, for example, substantial cuts in funding, decreased market opportunity and dramatic increases in services. It has therefore undertaken technical, structural or strategic shifts in the organization to evolve to a different level in its life cycle, for example, changing from a highly reactive organization to a more stable proactive environment. Since this organization has been going through major changes in the aspects of employee’s relations to their leaders, the new CEO has to institute radical changes. There must be a paradigm shift in the manner of operations and also the method of handling issues, especially those related to new strategies f or change. Background Blue sky media PLC is faced with several factors which necessitate change. These are societal, environmental and internal factors. External factors for change are globalization, differences in workers, technological change, and managing work ethics. These are challenges that cause change in organizations. Internal forces for change originating inside the organization are recognizable in the form of signals indicating that something needs to be changed. For instance, reduction in effectiveness is a pressure to change. A company that incurs its last three months of the year loss in a span of a fiscal year is for sure forced to do something about it (Lopucki Whitford, 1990; Weiss, 1990).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Strategic renewal is helpful in guiding the company to downsize, outsource, reengineer, and in corporate venturing, restructuri ng and rejuvenation. The major aim of strategic renewal is to see the company reposition itself in the market. This helps avoid threats like corporate takeover by other bigger companies. Human resource management will be vital to either institute measures to retain staff or retrench them through massive lay-offs. The company could also invent other measures aimed at staff appraisal depending on performance and put requisite steps accordingly. Leadership is essential in a successful corporate world. Visionary leaders help drive their companies to scaling professional and corporate heights. Leaders can either be democratic or autocratic. The company CEO who is democratic encourages workers contribution to the management and running of the company whereas the autocratic leader is strict and runs a one man show. Project objectives The first objective of the reorganization is to achieve a framework for financially stable business operations through a capital increase in the company. This will help widen the scope of operation. In addition, the reorganization brings the subsidiaries together directly under the umbrella of holding company making it possible to more efficiently manage the entire business, increase profitability, and strengthen the relationship between the company and its subsidiaries, while at the same time boosting the group’s sales. The second objective is maximization of the total value of the companys assets. There are two elements to this objective. First, it is desirable that as little value as possible will be dissipated during the reorganization process; to this end, it is desirable to minimize the time that the process will take and the direct and indirect costs incurred during this process. It is a good thing that, when the reorganization process ends, the companys assets will be allocated to their highest-valued use. This implies, among other things, that the assets will continue to function as a going concern if and only if the succ ess value exceeds the liquidation value and that, if the assets continue to function as a going concern, they will be employed under the maximum possible capital structure and the optimal governance structure. The third objective is highest division of total value: From an efficiency perspective, what matters is not only that the total bankruptcy value will be as large as possible but also how this value will be divided among the participants.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Organizational change, diagnosis and redesign specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reason for this is that this afterwards division has important later consequences. In particular, to induce participants to provide finance to the company ex ante, it is expected that, in the event of ex post insolvency, the value will be divided according to the distribution or ranking of priorities that were agreed upon as a contract. Benefits and key outcomes A well-defined business process benefits a company in three dimensions. These are productivity, process, and people. Since the performance of a particular enterprise is a combination of the results of its processes. Well defined business processes contribute to a well-managed company. Productivity, process, and people are interdependent and synergistic. When people acquaint themselves well about the process and become experts in the process, productivity will increase, further increasing the morale of the workers (Gertner Scharfstein, 1991). Employees can be motivated through increased morale, which is very important as it increases their productivity. A percentage of between 10 and 70 is estimated to be the inefficiency effect. Improvement of productivity can be tremendously drawn from such inefficiency. Identification of the process activity to ensure error free work can be done since there is a clear definition of the business process. The people perform daily tasks which are pe rsistently changing. The prospects are finely-identified and invariable. However, in the event that errors take place their cause can potentially be identified by the organization. The moment the root cause of the errors is pointed out, they can be fixed by making adjustments on the process, which also puts off their recurrence. It is also very critical that the workers are motivated as it can help steer the process forward. The customers should be fully satisfied through a well-identified process. As a result, the customers become loyal to the business and feel satisfied, which brings about motivation (Lopucki Whitford, 1990). Assumptions/constraints While dealing with individuals you will find that most individuals want to develop their potential. In addition, they have interests for personal growth and development in case they are provided with supportive and challenging atmosphere. They like to make a higher level of contribution in achieving institutional goals than is normal ly acceptable.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The manager asks, listens, supports, challenges, encourages risk-taking, allows failure, removes hindrances, gives freedom and responsibility, sets high standards and rewards success. This will in turn help to boost the morale of employees and aid in furthering successful organizational change. While dealing with groups, the manager needs to understand that one of the most reference groups for individuals is the working group; this includes peers and the boss. Majority wish to be accepted, and socialize with one or more small reference groups. They make bigger contributions to the groups’ efficiency and growth. The manager should let teams flourish; leaders should invest in groups/teams; adopt a team-leadership style rather than a one-on-one style. They ought to actively engage group members to help the leader in decision-making and problem-solving, by training them up suitably. Therefore this will help group members to deal with both positive and negative feelings hence solv e problems through mutual interactions. In designing and running an organization, traditional bureaucratic organization structures must give way to newer organizational designs. The needs and aspirations of employees ought to be addressed. Placing people first can lead to organizations that are more human, development oriented and encouraging. They are also high performing in terms of output, profitability and output quality. The result is that people are an organization’s most essential resource; they are the source of productivity and profits and should be treated with care. The current bargaining-based process appears to fall substantially short of the goal of maximizing total reorganization value. This happens both because value is often dissipated during the process and because the ultimate outcome of the process might not be value-maximizing. The redesign process under the existing rules takes substantial time (White, 1984; Weiss, 1990). In one re-organization of a majo r corporation, the administrative expenses of the company and of the creditors committee came to $3.5 million per month (Cutler Summers, 1988). Essentially, the company under reorganization might incur substantial indirect costs from functioning inefficiently during the reorganization process. Because the incentives of management during the process are generally not well aligned with the maximization of reorganization value, the management decisions during the process are likely to be distorted. In addition, because of the insolvency cloud hovering over the company, potential business partners may be reluctant to deal with the company or may demand especially favorable terms. Potential inefficiencies in the structure emerging out of the process: There are reasons to suspect that inefficiency costs might continue to be incurred even after the reorganization process ends, because the structure emerging out of the process might not be optimal. White (1994) suggests that the existing p rocess is biased in favor of continuation that is, the company is likely to continue as a going concern even if the most efficient route would be liquidation. Lastly, constraints under which the project must operate are based on the amount of resources available for implementation of aspects of the recommended strategies. However this can be addressed by ensuring that there are enough funds and requisite resources long before the organizational change, diagnosis and redesign is embarked on. Quality control Risk identified Response to risk By whom Time factor being a constraint Apportion enough time for each task to be completed The project coordinator Shortageof finances Seek alternative sources of finance The finance officer External interference Legal redress The legal consultant Other This proposal will be effective only if the expected conditions prevail and the outcomes are only achievable as per the procedure set (Lawrence Lorsch, 1967). Milestones Task Milest ones By whom Employee appraisal A motivated workforce Human resource manager Increased emoluments Better performance The accounts manager Revised strategies Improved output Strategy manager External auditing Higher accountability Company auditor Business expansion Corporate takeovers The CEO Rebranding New markets Marketing manager References Cutler, D. M., Summers, L.H. (1988). The costs of conflict resolution and financial distress: evidence from the Texaco-Pennzoil litigation. Rand Journal of  Economics, 19, 157-172. Gertner, R., Scharfstein, D. (1991). A theory of workouts and the effects of reorganization law. Journal of Finance, 46, 1189-1222. Lawrence, P.R., Lorsch, P. (1967). Organizational and Environment. Boston: Harvard Business School, Division of Research. Lopucki, L., Whitford, W. (1990). Bargaining over equitys share in the bankruptcy reorganization of large publicly held companies. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 139, 125-196. Weiss, L. A. (1990). Bankruptcy resolution: direct costs and violation of priority of claims. Journal of Financial Economics, 27, 285-314. White, M. J. (1994). Corporate bankruptcy as a filtering device: Chapter 11 reorganizations and out-of-court debt restructurings. Journal of Law, Economics, Organization, 10, 268-295.